Composition of coffee shade tree species and density of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores in Bonga natural coffee forest, southwestern … article from: Forest Ecology and Management]

Composition of coffee shade tree species and density of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores in Bonga natural coffee forest, southwestern … article from: Forest Ecology and Management]

This digital document is a journal article from Forest Ecology and Management, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The composition of coffee shade tree species and density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores in Bonga natural coffee forest of southwestern Ethiopia were investigated. This study is the first report on AMF populations of Ethiopian natural coffee forests. The main purposes were to systematically identify the dominant coffee shade tree species, evaluate their densities and quantify and characterize populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi particularly in the rhizosphere of coffee plants. Sample plots of 400m^2 with coffee plants and dominant shade tree species were selected. Sampling of soil was carried out at a depth of 0-15cm from the rooting areas of shaded and unshaded coffee plants for analysis of some soil parameters and quantification of AMF spores. Nineteen dominant shade tree species belonging to 14 plant families were identified in considered 10 quadrates. In terms of their stand dominance, Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker had the highest frequency of occurrence (22.3%) followed by O. welwitschii Friis & P.S. Green (15.5%). High density (503stems/ha) and/or percentage (66%) of Coffea arabica L. were recorded. All soil samples yielded AMF spores and the counts ranged from 4 to 67 spores 100g^-^1 of dry soil. Notably higher mean counts of AMF spores were found under leguminous shade trees compared to non-leguminous ones. AMF spore counts were significantly positively correlated with coffee counts and available soil P content. Five genera of AMF were identified based on spore morphology. Glomus dominated members of Glomeromycota. The other genera found were Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Entrophospora and Scutellospora in order of occurrence. The present investigation has documented species richness among dominant coffee shade tree species along with a fair distribution of relevant numbers and types (genera) of AMF to stimulate coffee growth. Thus, Bonga natural coffee forest seems to be an ideal focal forest for in situ coffee genetic resources conservation and promotion of organic coffee production.

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Tips For Growing A Perfect Rose Of Sharon Garden

Rose Of Sharon

Many among us dream of having a huge house with a beautiful and colorful garden. Of course, not all of us manage to realize such dreams. It is important to know that you can always start creating your own garden especially if you are determined enough to do it. For example, if you want to create a rose of sharon garden, then the first thing you need to do is to see if you have the necessary space and the necessary patience to start the project and maintain it over the months. If you have said yes to those requirements, then there is no reason for you not to start your rose of sharon garden.

 

Having a beautiful flower garden is really inspiring however small your home is. You might be living in a very wide rural lot or you can live in a one or two bedroom apartment. This, however, can be good enough reason for you to start your very own small garden despite the size of your living space. It is important to remember that with flower gardens, you can wake up to beautiful sights in the morning; you can breathe fresher air and you can even enjoy the scent of blooms. However, it is important to be reminded that no flower garden would grow beautifully without you giving the needed effort and without enough labor.

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If you are a beginner to gardening, then you can start of with your rose of sharon garden by starting out small. You can reserve a specific plot in your backyard, in your front yard or even in your terrace. Compute for the available square feet of space and determine if you are going to plant your flowers directly on land or using flower pots.

 

It is also essential to keep in mind that not all kinds of flower plants grow on the same way and conditions. You have to determine if your particular flower can grow in the kind of climate your place has. Not only that, you should also evaluate the soil quality in your area because they can affect the growth and blooms of your flower plants.

 

It is important that your small rose of sharon garden get sufficient sunlight. This does not mean that you have to subject the flowers to too much sun the whole day. It is important that you give it right amount of sunlight to let your plants grow healthy, strong and flowering.

 

Whether you are after a small garden full of rose of sharons or if you are after a garden with different kinds of plants and fruit-bearing trees, it is important to keep in mind that you must first learn about it and practice. Do not be disappointed once you start planting and find your plants not flowering even after months. You must evaluate where the process went wrong and you must pinpoint the solution you can do to have a successful flower garden.

Biocontrol of Root-Rot Disease Complex of Chickpea: By Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Other Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms

Biocontrol of Root-Rot Disease Complex of Chickpea: By Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Other Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms

Soil provides an excellent niche for the rhizosperic microorganisms and seems to be the hot-spot for the microbial interactions. Among the soil microorganisms Arbsucular mycorrhizal and other phosphate solubilizing microorganisms can promote the plant growth and also very effective against the soil borne diseases. The mycorrhizal fungi have the ability to improve plant vigor, soil quality and also play a crucial role in nutrient uptake, water relations, ecosystem establishment and the productivity of plants. Similarly, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms can profoundly, improve the seed germination, root development, and water uptake by plants. Beside this they can also improve the nutrient uptake or indirectly by changing the microbial balance in favour of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere and can suppress the broad spectrum of plant borne plant pathogens. Considering the importance of these symbionts in the plant disease protection, it came into highlight for research that the combined application of these microorganisms is more beneficial than use of single agent and provides a better management against the soil borne plant pathogens.

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The Christmas Rose is One Deer-Resistant Plant You Should Not Be Without

We call the Christmas rose, also known as the Lenten rose, one of the best deer-resistant plants for your garden. They are the best-known and best-loved of all the hellebores. These hellebores are the perfect plant for those areas in your garden where deer like to munch the night away. The deer steer clear of these plants because they are actually poisonous if eaten. They have a serrated leaf that would be very unpleasant to eat.We have thousands of them and I have never seen one eaten or munched on by a deer or a family pet. They are listed as being poisonous to animals.

Not actually in the rose family at all, but in the Ranunculus order, this perennial is a gift from nature that shows its glory in the dead of winter. They are a native of Southern Europe and grow well throughout the south

We like to call it the “plant it and forget it” plant because it is an evergreen plant that is virtually pest free, drought tolerant, and deer resistant. You absolutely need this plant in your garden as it can solve many of your problems and it reseeds readily which enables you to have knew plants to transplant once they get an inch or two tall and the ground is not frozen. Plant these gems in an area where you can see them easily in the winter because they will bloom for you from December through March (or Lent) and will cheer up the most dreary of days. They are also excellent for early color in shady herbaceous borders and areas between deciduous shrubs and under trees. None of the hellebores mind competition from tree roots. It grows into a wonderful clump about three feet wide and one foot tall and it makes a great ground cover. We love its pure white flowers (which turn to pink later in the season) and the fact that it is an evergreen. Each plant will have lots of flowers in a variety of colors from pure whites, primrose yellows, pure green, and dark midnight purples depending on which type you have.

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These hardy perennials are very tolerant of many soil conditions. If you give them a good start, they will grow easily on any soil from chalk to clay. But just like children, they thrive in good growing conditions and some tender loving care. They especially like limy soils with a pH of 7. It’s always good to get your soil tested before you plant anything, but in reality, it’s not always practical. We have never tested the soil where our Hellebores are planted and they seem to love anywhere we put them. I must add that we are gardening enthusiast and we tend to amend our soil with a good amount of humus and other organic material.

Hellebores generally like shady areas, but they can take full sun in the morning during the summer and will appreciate being protected from the hot afternoon sun.

As the book, The Gardener’s Guide to Growing Hellebores, authors Graham Rice and Elizabeth Strangman point out that a few species, like H. foetidus, grow in both extremes of habit, woodland fringes in Britain and hot slopes in Spain, while H vesicarius grows in conditions which are parched in summer.

If you enjoy bringing flowers in from your yard for use in home decorating, it’s best to just use the flowers (sepals) in a bowl of water by simply picking half an inch of stem. Otherwise, the stems tend to drop when put in vases. There are some recipes for trying to use the whole stem in a flower vase such as burning, pricking or slitting the stem but these are rarely successful. Nothing can compare to the charm of these flowers in the winter as they float in a beautiful glass vase. Add to the charm by adding a floating candle for an elegant feel.

As far as general care goes, these perennials don’t really require much care at all.
Cutting back some of the dead leaves during the autumn and early winter when the garden is put to bed is all that is needed. You will know they need water when the leaves droop to the ground.

If you need a deer-resistant plant which is also drought tolerant and easy to care for , you definitely need this plant in your garden. Be aware that you may become addicted to this beautiful plant, but it is a fine vice indeed!

THE ‘AMMOPHILA PROBLEM’ REVISITED: A ROLE FOR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

THE ‘AMMOPHILA PROBLEM’ REVISITED: A ROLE FOR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

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The Cultivation of a Concrete Rose: The Planting

The Cultivation of a Concrete Rose: The Planting

The Cultivation of a Concrete Rose: The Planting
by: Gayle Rutner

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Survival strategies of plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on toxic mine tailings [An article from: Chemosphere]

Survival strategies of plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on toxic mine tailings [An article from: Chemosphere]

This digital document is a journal article from Chemosphere, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
A field survey of metal concentrations and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) components of plants growing on five mining sites was conducted in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, Southern China and a control site in Hong Kong. Significant differences were observed in the average concentrations of total heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd) and one metalloid (As) in contaminated soils compared with the control site. Gramineae and Compositae were the dominant plant families growing on mine tailings, with Chrysanthemum moritolium (common chrysanthemum), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Miscanthus florodulus (Sword grass) and Pteris vittata (Ladder brake fern) commonly found at all sites. AM fungal colonization was detected in most of the plants. Comparing the four common plant species, three components of mycorrhizal colonization (arbuscules, vesicles and coiled hyphae) were found in the roots of C. dactylon and P. vittata growing at Do Shun Long (DSL) mine site. Concentrations of As in fronds were 24-fold higher than in roots of P. vittata with the highest mycorrhizal colonization rate (73%) among all sampling sites. Extensive mycorrhizal colonization (85%) was also recorded in the roots of C. dactylon with As accumulation 57 times higher than in shoots. The four common plants found in metal contaminated sites had developed different strategies for survival in the contaminated sites with the aid of indigenous AM fungi.

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From Parking Lot to Organic No Till Garden 2

See video garden calendar at organotill.org. Filmed winter 2011 and shows efforts to restore a poorly used urban lot for use as a garden. This video follows an earlier film and updates the small progress made. This is one of many videos that follow the gardening season chronologically in Kansas City and similar areas. We hope that people can follow along and work in their own gardens at organotill.org. Organotill.org features organic no-till methods used at Niles Home for Children’s Garden, Tracy Garden & elsewhere.

Counted Cross Stitch Chart/Graph Pierre-Joseph Redoute’s Flower Illustration of Blush Noisette Rose

Counted Cross Stitch Chart/Graph Pierre-Joseph Redoute’s Flower Illustration of Blush Noisette Rose

• Charted for 14 count fabric. Finished size is 12 inches (168 stitches) by 14 inches (196 stitches).
• Exceptional counted cross stitch chart (floss and fabric not included).
• Chart uses 48 colors DMC Cotton Floss. Full stitches only. No half stitches and no backstitching necessary.
• We provide two charts both printed in black ink on bright white 11″ by 17″ paper.
• Chart #1 is a single page chart. Chart #2 (tired eyes) is a 4 page enlarged chart that eases eye strain.

Pierre-Joseph Redouté, 1759 – 1840, was a Belgian painter and botanist, known for his paintings of the roses, lilies and other flowers at Malmaison. Redouté was born in Belgium. He was an official court artist of Queen Marie Antoinette, and he continued painting through the French Revolution and Reign of Terror. Redouté survived the turbulent political upheaval to gain international recognition for his precise renderings of plants.

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Rose Gifts

Rose gifts are a popular option when wanting to convey how you feel about someone; giving that special person fresh cut roses is usually the first choice. However, there are alternatives to [fresh] flowers, which, at best, will only last a few days before their scent fades and their blooms wither and die – rose gifts that have been dipped in 24K gold, silver or platinum.

Having a rose that never dies would be the ultimate way to say “I love you.” Real roses can in fact be preserved forever when they are either dipped or trimmed in gold, silver, or platinum. Selected when they reach the peak of their beauty, real roses are preserved in a lacquer shell so their natural loveliness and color can come through. Following a 40-step process, whereby skilled artisans and technicians carefully handcraft each flower, they are finished in a precious metal so they can last a lifetime.

According to scientists, there are more than 270,000 species of flower living in the 21st century, all of which have been documented. While they have been able to identify so many different plants, they are still unsure as how they got to be so diverse or whether or not flowers have changed all that much as the planet has evolved.

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Woody-magnolia plants, were the first plant fossils ever found – they date back 93 million years. More recently, small herb-like flower fossils have been discovered by paleonbotanists which date back 120 million years. By the middle of the Cretaceous period (146 million years ago), scientists believe that flowering plants called angiosperms, were already quite diverse and could be found in many places during that time period. Many different fossils of both preserved flowers and flower parts, have been discovered in Portugal, England, Sweden, and along the Gulf and Eastern coast of the United States.With the use of DNA molecules to estimate how old something is, molecular biologists have been able to trace roses back 200 million years. Then, legends involving the beautiful flower began to take shape; The goddess of flowers, Cloris, was responsible for crowning the rose as “queen of flowers;” a rose was given to Eros – the god of love- by his mother, Aphrodite. As was the case, the rose became a universal symbol of love and desire.

During his life (551-479 B.C.), Confucius wrote that the Emperor of China owned more than 600 books, all about the culture of roses. It’s believed roses were first cultivated in gardens in Asia more than 5,000 years ago. From the plants that grew in the Emperor’s garden, the Chinese people extracted oil from the rose flowers which went on to only be used by dignitaries and nobles at court; if a commoner were ever caught with smallest amount of rose oil, they were put to death.

There is no denying the true beauty and fragrance of fresh cut roses, but since it’s now possible to give rose gifts that can last forever, wouldn’t it make more sense to go with that option instead?

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